Update: “2024-05-27”
(Based on scType DB information)
scType
link
| Cell Name | Gene Symbols | Major Functions |
|---|---|---|
| Pro-B cells | CD27, IgD, CD24, PTPRC, PAX5, CD24, CD38, CD79A, DNTT, C10orf10, VPREB1, ARPP21, CD99, IGLL1, CD9, CD79B, TCL1A, IGLL5, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, VPREB3, IGLL5 | Early stage of B cell development, responsible for initial immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. |
| Pre-B cells | CD19, CD27, IgD, CD24, PTPRC, PAX5, CD24, CD38, CD79A, NSMCE1, PCDH9, ACSM3, CCDC191, TCL1A, CD79B, TCL1A, IGLL5, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, VPREB3, IGLL5 | Intermediate stage of B cell development, involved in further rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. |
| Naive B cells | CD19, IgD, CD38, CD24, CD20, MS4A1, PTPRC, PAX5, CD24, CD38, CD79A, JCHAIN, SSR4, FKBP11, SEC11C, DERL3, PRDX4, IGLL5, CD79B, TCL1A, IGLL5, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, CD138, CD38, VPREB3, IGLL5 | B cells that have not yet encountered an antigen, ready to respond to new pathogens. |
| Memory B cells | CD19, CD27, IgD, CD38, CD24, CD20, MS4A1, PTPRC, PAX5, CD24, CD38, CD79A, JCHAIN, SSR4, FKBP11, SEC11C, DERL3, PRDX4, IGLL5, CD79B, TCL1A, IGLL5, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, CD138, CD38, CD27, VPREB3, IGLL5 | B cells that have encountered an antigen and can rapidly respond upon re-exposure. |
| Plasma B cells | CD27, IgD, CD38, CD24, CD20, MS4A1, PTPRC, PAX5, CD24, CD38, CD79A, JCHAIN, SSR4, FKBP11, SEC11C, DERL3, PRDX4, IGLL5, CD79B, TCL1A, IGLL5, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, CD138, CD38, VPREB3, IGLL5 | Antibody-producing cells derived from B cells, critical for humoral immunity. |
| Naive CD8+ T cells | CD8, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CD8A, CD8B, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, PTPRC, SELL, CCR7, GNLY, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen, ready to respond to new infections. |
| Naive CD4+ T cells | CD4, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, PTPRC, SELL, CCR7, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | T helper cells that have not yet encountered an antigen, critical for orchestrating immune responses. |
| Memory CD8+ T cells | CD8, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD25, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CD8A, CD8B, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD45RO, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, SELL, CCR7, GNLY, S100A4, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | T cells that have encountered an antigen and can rapidly respond upon re-exposure. |
| Memory CD4+ T cells | CD4, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD25, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD45RO, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, SELL, CCR7, S100A4, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | T helper cells that have encountered an antigen and can rapidly respond upon re-exposure. |
| Effector CD8+ T cells | CD8, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD25, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CD8A, CD8B, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, PTPRC, GNLY, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | Active T cells that directly kill infected or cancerous cells. |
| Effector CD4+ T cells | CD4, CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD25, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, PTPRC, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | Active T helper cells that assist other immune cells in responding to infections. |
| γδ-T cells | CD2, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD25, CD45RA, CD62L, CD27, CD127, FOXP3, CCR7, CD45, CCR6, CD11b, CD30, CD6, CTLA4, IL2RA, GZMB, PTPRC, TRDV2, TRGV9, TRGC1, Trac, Ltb, Cd52, Trbc2, Shisa5, Lck, Thy1, Dapl1 | T cells with a distinct T-cell receptor that play a role in immune surveillance and response to certain types of infections and cancer. |
| Platelets | CD41, CD42b, CD61, CD31, PPBP, PF4, GNG11, SDPR, CLU, CD41, CD110 | Small blood cells involved in clotting and wound repair. |
| CD8+ NKT-like cells | CD8, CD56, CD2, CD16, CD94, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, NKp46, CD11b, CD161, CD314, CD69, NKG7, CD122, NKG2D, GZMB, GZMA, GZMM, GNLY, COX6A2, ZMAT4, KIR2DL4 | Hybrid cells with characteristics of both T cells and natural killer cells, involved in immune responses against tumors and infections. |
| CD4+ NKT-like cells | CD4, CD56, CD2, CD16, CD94, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, NKp46, CD11b, CD161, CD314, CD69, NKG7, CD122, NKG2D, GZMB, GZMA, GZMM, COX6A2, ZMAT4, KIR2DL4 | Hybrid cells with characteristics of both T helper cells and natural killer cells, involved in immune regulation and response. |
| Natural killer cells | CD56, CD2, CD16, CD94, NKp46, CD11b, CD161, CD314, CD69, NKG7, CD122, NKG2D, GZMB, GZMA, GZMM, FCGR3A, GNLY, COX6A2, ZMAT4, KIR2DL4, NKG7 | Innate immune cells that can kill tumor cells and virally infected cells without prior sensitization. |
| Eosinophils | CD11b, CD193, CD123, CD125, CD15, SIGLEC8, CLC, GATA1, CEBPE, SEMG1, ALOX15, CCL23, PRSS41, PRSS33, THBS4, FOXI1 | Granulocytes involved in the defense against parasitic infections and in allergic reactions. |
| Neutrophils | CD66b, CD11b, CD15, CD16, CXCL8, FCGR3B, MNDA, CXCR2, MPO, ELANE, PRTN3, MPO, AZU1, LYZ, S100A8, S100A9, PI3, CHI3L1, ANXA3, CXCL1, TGM3, BTNL3, C4BPA, MMP9, CD24, BPI, LTF, GCA, Camp, Ngp, Chil3, Ltf | The most abundant type of white blood cells, crucial for the innate immune response and phagocytosis of pathogens. |
| Basophils | CD63, CD203c, CD123, CLC, MS4A3, TCN1, CPA3, HDC, GATA2, MS4A2, IL4, GCSAML, GATA2, TPSAB1 | Granulocytes that play a role in allergic reactions and release histamine and heparin. |
| Mast cells | CD117, CD203c, CD25, KIT, SLC18A2, CD33, CD32, FCER1A, TPSD1, HPGDS | Cells involved in allergic reactions and defense against pathogens, release histamine and other mediators. |
| Classical Monocytes | CD14, CD11b, CD68, HLA-DR, CD33, CD11c, CD123, CD15, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD66b, VCAN, S100A12, CXCL8, S100A8, S100A9, LYZ, CST3, Elane1 | Phagocytic cells that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to modulate immune responses. |
| Non-classical monocytes | CD14, CD16, CD11b, CD68, HLA-DR, CD33, CD11c, CD123, CD15, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD66b, FCGR3A, CDKN1C, LST1, FCER1G, MS4A7, RHOC, S100A8, S100A9, CST3, C1QC, Elane1 | Patrol blood vessels, involved in the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. |
| Intermediate monocytes | CD14, CD16, CD11b, CD68, HLA-DR, CD33, CD11c, CD123, CD15, CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD66b, IL1B, S100A8, S100A9, CST3, C1QC, Elane1 | A subset of monocytes involved in both inflammatory and reparative processes. |
| Macrophages | CD68, CD163, CD14, CD11b, CD206, CD80, CD86, CD16, CD64, CCL18, CD115, CD11c, CD32, HLA-DR, MRC1, MSR1, GCA, Pf4 | Large phagocytic cells that engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris; play a role in immune regulation. |
| Megakaryocyte | CD61, CD41, CD42b, CD41a, CD42a, CXCR4, CD110 | Large bone marrow cells that give rise to platelets involved in blood clotting. |
| Endothelial | PECAM1, CD34, KDR, CDH5, PROM1, PDPN, TEK, FLT1, VCAM1, PTPRC, VWF, ENG, MCAM, ICAM1, FLT4, SELE | Cells that line blood vessels and control the passage of materials and the flow of blood. |
| Erythroid-like and erythroid precursor cells | PTPRC, GYPA, RUVBL1, TFRC, FOLR1, CD36, ITGA4, HBB, CD235a, HBD, CA1 | Precursors to red blood cells, involved in the production of erythrocytes. |
| HSC/MPP cells | CD105, CD34, CD44, CD73, CD45, CD29, STRO-1, NANOG, SOX2, CD133, CD166, CD146, CD31, Nestin, OCT4, CD117, KDR, CXCL8, AVP, CRHBP, ALDH1A1, CD49, CD90, CD69, CD24, CD38, CD45RA, Keratin-19, ASPM, CD10, CD123, ABCG2, CD135, CD49f, EpCAM, Keratin-7, SCA-1, CD14, CD150, CD271, HLA-DR | Hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors that give rise to all blood cell types. |
| Progenitor cells | CD105, CD34, CD44, CD73, CD45, CD29, STRO-1, NANOG, SOX2, CD133, CD166, CD146, CD31, Nestin, OCT4, CD117, KDR, AVP, CRHBP, ALDH1A1, STMN1, CD38, PTPRC, CD135 | Cells that have the capacity to differentiate into specific types of cells but are more limited than stem cells. |
| Myeloid Dendritic cells | ITGAX, CD83, CD1C, NRP1, CLEC4C, CD86, IL3RA, CD80, CD1A, ITGAX, CD40, HLA-DQA1, CD11c, HLA-DR, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DPA1, CLEC10A, CST3, GPR31, ODF3L1, PRB2, CD207, ARSE, CLEC141, MRC, EBLN1, CRIP3 | Antigen-presenting cells that process and present antigens to T cells, initiating the immune response. |
| Plasmacytoid Dendritic cells | ITGAX, CD83, CD1C, NRP1, CLEC4C, CD86, IL3RA, CD80, CD1A, ITGAX, CD40, HLA-DQA1, CD11c, HLA-DR, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DPA1, CLEC10A, CST3, TPM2, LRRC26, ASIP, GPM6B, KRT5, NTM, SCT, SHD, KCNA5, SCARA5, EPHA2, MYMX | Specialized dendritic cells that produce large amounts of interferon in response to viral infections. |
| Granulocytes | CD203c, CD15, CD11b, CD63, CD66b, CD123, CD16, CD33, CD117, CD45, Fc-epsilon RI-alpha, CD125, CD13, CD14, CD25, CD44, CD69, CD9, HLA-DR, CCR3, CD116, CD11c, CD193, CD24, CD32, CD43, CXCL8, FCGR3B, MNDA, SIGLEC8, AZU1, MPO, CTSG, LYZ | White blood cells with granules that contain enzymes to digest microorganisms; include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
| ISG expressing immune cells | IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFIT5, ISG15, CCL3, CCL4, CCL3L3, RSAD2, OASL, CXCL10, IFI15, ISG20 | Immune cells expressing interferon-stimulated genes, involved in antiviral responses. |
| Cancer cells | CD44, EPCAM, ERBB2, FOLH1, KRT18, PROM1 | Malignant cells that have undergone transformation and proliferate uncontrollably. |
| Cell Type | Subtype | Key Functions | Markers | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD8+ T | Cytotoxic T Cells | Directly kill infected or cancerous cells by releasing perforin and granzymes. They play a critical role in immune surveillance and response to intracellular pathogens and tumors. | CD8, Perforin, Granzyme B, IFN-γ, TNF-α, NKG2D | Asher Bio, Cleveland Clinic, Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| Memory T Cells | Remember previous pathogens, enabling a faster and more robust response upon re-infection. These cells are long-lived and can quickly differentiate into effector T cells upon antigen re-exposure. | CD45RO, CD62L, CD127, CCR7, CD95, CXCR3 | Miltenyi Biotec, IJMS | |
| Effector T Cells | Provide immediate response upon activation by producing cytokines and directly attacking infected or cancerous cells. These cells are typically short-lived and highly active. | CD8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CD25, CD69, CD44 | Miltenyi Biotec, Nature | |
| Regulatory T Cells | Modulate immune responses to prevent autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis. They suppress other immune cells’ activity through cytokine secretion and cell-contact dependent mechanisms. | CD8, FoxP3, TGF-β, IL-10, CD39, CD73 | Cleveland Clinic, Nature | |
| Exhausted T Cells | Exhibit reduced function and proliferation due to chronic antigen exposure, commonly seen in chronic infections and cancer. Characterized by high expression of inhibitory receptors and reduced effector function. | PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, CD39, CD69, TIGIT | Journal of Translational Medicine, Frontiers in Immunology | |
| CD4+ T | Th1 | Promote inflammation and activate macrophages in response to intracellular pathogens like viruses and certain bacteria. They secrete cytokines like IFN-γ and TNF-α, crucial for cell-mediated immunity. | T-bet, IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, CD27, CD28 | Frontiers in Immunology, MDPI |
| Th2 | Regulate responses to extracellular parasites such as helminths and are involved in allergic reactions. They produce cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 to promote B cell differentiation and antibody production. | GATA3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CD30, CRTH2 | Frontiers in Immunology, MDPI | |
| Th17 | Defend against bacterial and fungal infections by recruiting neutrophils and other immune cells to the site of infection. They are characterized by the production of IL-17 and IL-22. | RORγT, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23R, CCR6, CD161 | Frontiers in Immunology, MDPI | |
| Tfh | Assist B cells in the formation of germinal centers and the production of high-affinity antibodies. These cells are essential for long-term humoral immunity. | BCL6, IL-21, CXCR5, PD-1, ICOS, CD40L | MDPI, Abcam | |
| Th9 | Involved in the immune response to helminths and contribute to allergic diseases by producing IL-9. They also play a role in promoting mast cell responses. | PU.1, IL-9, IRF4, BATF, GATA3, CD27 | Frontiers in Immunology, IJMS | |
| Th22 | Regulate skin immunity and are involved in inflammatory skin conditions. They produce IL-22, which promotes tissue regeneration and antimicrobial responses. | AHR, IL-22, FICZ, CCR4, CCR10 | Frontiers in Immunology | |
| Regulatory T Cells | Suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, preventing autoimmune diseases. They exert their function through cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β and the expression of CTLA-4. | FoxP3, TGF-β, IL-10, CD25, CTLA-4, CD127 | MDPI, Miltenyi Biotec | |
| Cell Type | Subtype | Key Functions | Markers | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myeloid Cells | Monocytes | Circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells upon tissue migration. They phagocytose pathogens and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. | CD14, CD16, CD64, HLA-DR, CD11b | Cell Signaling Technology, Bio-Rad |
| Macrophages | Present in most tissues, recognize and destroy pathogens and damaged cells through phagocytosis. Subtypes include M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). | CD68, CD11b, CD163, CD206, CD204 | Cell Signaling Technology, Bio-Rad | |
| Dendritic Cells | Act as professional antigen-presenting cells, capturing antigens and presenting them to T cells to initiate an adaptive immune response. | CD11c, CD1c, CD123, CD141, HLA-DR | Bio-Rad, R&D Systems | |
| Neutrophils | First responders to infection sites, they engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis and release antimicrobial compounds. | CD15, CD16, CD11b, CD66b, MPO | Cell Signaling Technology, Bio-Rad | |
| Eosinophils | Combat parasitic infections and participate in allergic reactions by releasing cytotoxic granules and inflammatory mediators. | CD9, Siglec-8, IL-5Rα, CCR3, CD11b | Cell Signaling Technology, Bio-Rad | |
| Basophils | Involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections, they release histamine and other mediators upon activation. | CD123, FcεRI, CD203c, CD13, CD45 | Bio-Rad, R&D Systems | |
| Mast Cells | Play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis by releasing histamine, proteases, and other inflammatory mediators. | c-Kit (CD117), FcεRI, CD203c, CD25, CD63 | Bio-Rad, Cell Signaling Technology |
Key Functions Detailed
Monocytes: These cells are vital for the innate immune response. They circulate in the bloodstream and migrate to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. Monocytes are known for their ability to phagocytose pathogens and dead cells and for secreting a variety of cytokines that modulate the immune response.
Macrophages: These are versatile cells present in nearly all tissues. They play a crucial role in phagocytosing pathogens and debris, presenting antigens to T cells, and orchestrating tissue repair. Macrophages can be polarized into M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) types depending on the cytokine environment.
Dendritic Cells: These antigen-presenting cells are essential for initiating and regulating the adaptive immune response. They capture antigens from pathogens, process them, and present them on their surface to T cells in lymphoid tissues, thus bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Neutrophils: As the most abundant type of white blood cell, neutrophils are the first responders to microbial infection. They engage in phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to capture and kill pathogens.
Eosinophils: These cells are primarily involved in combating multicellular parasites and certain infections. They also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of allergic reactions and asthma by releasing granules containing toxic proteins and inflammatory mediators.
Basophils: These are the least common type of granulocyte and are involved in inflammatory responses, especially those related to allergies. They release histamine and heparin, contributing to the inflammatory process.
Mast Cells: Found in tissues such as the skin and mucosa, mast cells are key players in the inflammatory process, particularly in allergic reactions. They release a variety of mediators, including histamine, that cause vasodilation and attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury.
| Cell Type | Subtype | Key Functions | Markers | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monocytes | Classical Monocytes | Highly phagocytic cells that respond to infection and inflammation, primarily involved in the early stages of immune response. They patrol the blood and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells upon tissue entry. | CD14, CD16-, CCR2, CD62L, HLA-DR | Nature, MDPI |
| Intermediate Monocytes | Act as a bridge between classical and non-classical monocytes. They have both pro-inflammatory and tissue repair functions, playing roles in antigen presentation and inflammation resolution. | CD14, CD16, CCR5, CD36, HLA-DR | Nature, MDPI | |
| Non-Classical Monocytes | Patrol the blood vessels and are involved in the resolution of inflammation. They have a significant role in tissue repair and homeostasis by clearing debris and apoptotic cells. | CD14low, CD16++, CX3CR1, CD11c, HLA-DR | Nature, MDPI | |
| Macrophages | M1 Macrophages | Also known as classically activated macrophages, they have pro-inflammatory functions and are involved in host defense against pathogens. They produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. | CD68, CD80, CD86, MHC II, iNOS | Nature, Frontiers in Immunology |
| M2 Macrophages | Alternatively activated macrophages involved in tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and promote wound healing and tissue remodeling. | CD206, CD163, CD204, Arginase-1, IL-10 | Nature, Frontiers in Immunology | |
| Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) | Found within the tumor microenvironment, these macrophages can support tumor growth and metastasis. They can exhibit both M1 and M2 characteristics depending on the tumor context and stage. | CD68, CD163, CD204, PD-L1, IL-10 | Nature, MDPI | |
| Lipid-Associated Macrophages (LAMs) | Specialized macrophages involved in lipid metabolism and associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity. They play roles in lipid handling and inflammation in adipose tissues. | CD36, TREM2, SPP1, CD9, CD11c | Nature, Frontiers in Immunology |
Key Functions Detailed
Classical Monocytes: These cells are the most abundant monocyte subset in the blood. They respond rapidly to infection and tissue damage by migrating to affected sites where they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, initiating an immune response.
Intermediate Monocytes: These monocytes exhibit characteristics of both classical and non-classical subsets. They are involved in immune regulation, antigen presentation, and inflammation, playing crucial roles in the transition from inflammation to healing.
Non-Classical Monocytes: These cells patrol the endothelium and are primarily involved in tissue surveillance and repair. They have anti-inflammatory properties and help clear cellular debris and apoptotic cells, contributing to tissue homeostasis.
M1 Macrophages: Known for their role in
host defense, M1 macrophages are activated by microbial products and
pro-inflammatory cytokines. They are efficient at killing intracellular
pathogens and initiating strong inflammatory responses.
M2 Macrophages: These macrophages are essential for wound healing and resolving inflammation. Activated by anti-inflammatory signals, M2 macrophages promote tissue repair and regeneration by secreting growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs): TAMs are found in the tumor microenvironment and can support tumor growth and metastasis by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses and promoting angiogenesis. They can exhibit both M1 and M2 phenotypes depending on the signals from the tumor.
Lipid-Associated Macrophages (LAMs): LAMs are involved in lipid metabolism and are found in adipose tissue. They play crucial roles in managing lipid storage and mobilization, and are implicated in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.